This clip explores the twin issues of gender and ethnicity in a number of ways; the first and foremost issue is that of the Irish working class man. We can clearly hear his irish accent and we immediately see he has been beaten up. We also hear that he has been wrongly accused, which presents the Irishman as possibly being a victim of racism. He also refers to his father moving to England and being abused, indicating a history of it as well - much of the hurt caused by racism is magnified if it is longstanding. He makes a reference to the Irish being given all the labouring jobs that the english don't want to do: "Shovelling shit" he calls it, and his rough clothing verifies this. There is also the mentioning of the asian woman's sari as a 'nighty' - it could be interpreted as a misunderstanding, but more likely, Gene is making a racist joke. This is, from what i can gather, a decent representation of men's attitudes to discrimination in the '70s. It was often seen as comical; a good example would be Alf Garnett:

There is also examples of sexism: the reference to a woman prime minister was met by derisive laughter from the other officers, indicating an inability to respect women.

The Soloist

The Soloist was actually filmed in the Skidrow area of Los Angeles itself, with the camera crew working with the homeless in order to achieve a realistic effect and to create a sense of pride in their work. The movie was created when the producer discovered a number of columns written about a homeless guy called Nathaniel, and decided to make a film about it. Jamie Foxx, who played Nathaniel, spent some time with him in order to get a feel for the part, to copy his speech patterns and create the image of a schizophrenic dude. The film company also pulled in a chinese guy who could play good cello, and taught him using his own system. The director's aim was to help to break down the stigma surrounding the homeless.

The video uses a common technique in music videos of cross-cutting a linear narrative with clips of the band playing. The video begins by showing a mans eyes looking at photographs, which shows that he is having a flashback. Some long clips of the band are then shown, which includes a shot zooming out: , before we see an eye-line match between the man and a girl, who is talking to another man:

Exhibition contrasts

A mainstream institution will aim to exhibit its films at a red carpet event, for example Leicester Square, whereas an independent film will exhibit its films at an independent cinema , the contrast between these institutions is down to the budget they set for the film and therefore mainstream films will be more widely distributed than independent films. Occasionally, ‘Indie’ films will receive a grant which allows them to more widely publicise their films: “This Is England” for example. Also the ‘Digital Screen Network’ ploughs money into digital screening so that indie companies don’t have to produce as many prints – indeed; if digital screening was always done no prints would be needed. This means the exhibition will cost a tenth of the previous price. Also target audience differs, for example an “indie” film will attract a more articulate class of people whereas a mainstream film will look to target the majority of people, this gives it a monopolistic status, meaning that it owns the larger percentage of the film industry as more people in general will look at who is in the film rather than what the film is about.
The UK film council utilises different methods to make film more accessible to a wider audience, this could be down to promotion schemes such as Orange Wednesdays, voucher schemes and discounted tickets, this allows films to be more affordable to a larger amount of people. Another way the UK film council will seek to gain a more accessible audience is through digital screen networking which allows more people to watch the film , an example of this is from the film “ this is England” which got a grant to distribute its films to a wider audience through digital screen networking , thus making it more accessible to a wider audience and cheaper for the institution.

The clip begins with a long shot, as they film Mcgavin putting the ball. It then flicks to a medium shot of the two commentators, before switching to a low angle shot and tilting down to watch the golf ball fall into the hole. We then see a midshot of McGavin, who makes the shape of a gun with his fingers and shoots it. Camera then tilts again as he picks up ball. Cut to a tilting high-angle long shot of people gathering round to watch Happy. Another midshot is used on the commentators, before cutting to a long shot of Happy and the man who is trying to help him. Cut to a midshot of them both, and then back to a longshot as happy goes to put the ball. When the ball does not go down the hole, we see a close-up of happy shouting at the ball.

Camera angles and editing

Long shot - In film, a view of a scene that is shot from a considerable distance, so that people appear as indistinct shapes. An extreme long shot is a view from an even greater distance, in which people appear as small dots in the landscape if at all (eg. a shot of New York's skyline).

Medium shot - view between long shot and close-up: a filmed view, midway between long shot and close-up, that shows a standing person from the waist up or the full body of a sitting person

Close up - A photograph or a film or television shot in which the subject is tightly framed and shown at a relatively large scale

Shot reverse shot (or shot/countershot) is a film technique wherein one character is shown looking at another character (often off-screen), and then the other character is shown looking "back" at the first character. Since the characters are shown facing in opposite directions, the viewer assumes that they are looking at each other.

High angle shots -In film, a high angle shot is usually when the camera is located high. With this type of angle, the camera looks down on the subject and the point of focus often get "swallowed up" by the setting

low-angle shot, is a shot from a camera positioned low on the vertical axis, often at knee height, looking up.

tracking shot - A movie shot made by a camera moving steadily on a track or dolly.

pan - To move a movie or television camera to follow an object or create a panoramic effect

Tilting is a cinematographic technique in which the camera is stationary and rotates in a vertical plane (or tilting plane). A rotation in a horizontal plane is known as panning. Tilting the camera results in a motion similar to someone nodding their head "yes" or to an aircraft performing a pitch rotation.

Continuity - consistency in the details from one part of a film or broadcast to another

montage - a style of film-making that makes extensive use of cuts, camera movements, and changes of camera position, particularly to set up new meanings not conveyed by the filmed action itself

transitions - the changing of one image to another

cross cutting/parallel editing - Cross-cutting is an editing technique most often used in films to establish action occurring at the same time in two different locations. In a cross-cut, the camera will cut away from one action to another action, which can suggest the simultaneity of these two actions but this is not always the case.

In film editing, a dissolve is a gradual transition from one image to another. In film, this effect is created by controlled double exposure from frame to frame; transiting from the end of one clip to the beginning of another.

In film editing, a wipe is a gradual spatial transition from one image to another. One image is replaced by another with a distinct edge that forms a shape. A simple edge, an expanding circle, or the turning of a page are all examples.

New technologies and stuff

In order to keep up with the global market companies must make use of new technologies available to the public. This includes devices on technology such as mobiles, computers and television. New technologies have allowed institutions to target audiences in different ways, as they can take advantage of the technologies available. For example, in the case of advertising, online social networking sites use cookies to register keywords typed in by someone so that they can target people for advertising.In addition to this technology can be used in many different forms, aside from social networking institution may seek to stream, use podcasts, use downloads and RSS feeds the list goes on however for institution it may be seen as a cheaper, more efficient alternative as costs are low in comparison to an advert on TV for example, however high budget films will seek to exploit as many medias as possible whereas a low budget film will use technology predominantly when its is free or cheap. What are seen as an efficient use of technology are through such sites as YouTube, where lower budget films may seek to upload films on YouTube as apposed to advertising on TV essentially because institutions budgets differ.
New technology has changed out experience with movies; through such editing technology films are more capable of capturing the essence of realism. Special effects have now progressed and have achieved remarkable finishing products, in addition to this our experience in cinemas allow us to escape from reality through digital effects and sound quality , also some modern day films have now started using 3d technology predominantly for animation films it makes a film more “real” and more in contact with the audience.

Distribution: This is about keeping films 'alive' and in the public eye, as well as when released on dvd. New films are generally released on fridays, as scheduled by the Film Distributor Association. Distributors try to find 'light' weeks, where there is no competing films released and not too much competition in that week.
Logistics is also about the organisation of a film, this tends to be more important in independant films as they have less money to spend. Hollywood films tend to have about 1000 prints which are sent to different countries and distributed themselves. Independent film companies, in contrast, would have about 10 prints. Howver, grants are available, for example the film This Is England got a grant from the national lottery and so could afford to buy another 20. Most films are made in 35 mm prints, which would typically cost about 1000 pounds per film and double if the film has subtitles. Each reel lasts abut twenty minutes, and on average there are about 6 reels in a movie. Cinema companies wouldn't buy these, they would be rented from film producers. This could be described as the third link in the supply chain - distributing. Distribution is most successful when 'vertically integrated', where the three stages in the supply chain are seen as part of the same process or company.
Digital Distribution is basically using things digitally or downloading/streaming via internet. This is cheaper,as there is no need for physical manufacturing. This is better for the consumer as it is easier and cheaper, however, this is also very detrimental to film companies and therefore damaging to the very cinema experience itself.
Licensing is the process by which the distributor gets the legal right to exploit a film. U.S. films have their own distributors in the 90+ market territories throughout the world. Independent companies, again in contrast, have to sell their licenses to independent distributors.

Annotated Image

Victoria's Secret

To apply the three theories we choice to analyse a cover from Victoria's Secret an American retailer for women's lingerie.
Mulvey's theory believed that you had to view the image as a heterosexual male. In this case, the first thing to notice when analysing is that males would be attracted to this advert, which fits Mulvey's theory of looking at it as a heterosexual male. She also said that female viewer must experience the narrative secondarily by identification with the male viewer. Features of 'the gaze' in the theory was that the camera lingers of the curves of the female body, perfect for a lingerie advert.
By analysing the advert with Ferguson's theory, the advert falls into two categories; Invitational and Romantic or Sexual. As we can see the model's main emphasis is on her eyes, which suggests an enigma and mystery. But the reason why the picture falls into two categories would be the subject of the advert, which could include the viewer a potential partner.
For Millum's theory the advert fits into the Seductive category, as the model's eyes are deliberately shaded and looking the reader in the eye. This creates an arrogant/self-sufficient look which also comes across as confident.